As a core raw material for the new energy industry, lithium is a vital mineral required for electric vehicles and grid energy storage equipment, playing a pivotal role in the global green energy transition.
Owing to its high-efficiency energy storage capability, lithium has earned the moniker "white oil", emerging as a strategic resource fiercely contested by various countries and a focal point of market attention.
The lithium battery sector has posted a strong performance since the start of this week. On July 6, Weili Lithium Core surged to a daily trading limit right after the market opening, and Times Wanheng rallied to hit the upper limit in the afternoon trading session. On July 7, the lithium ore concept bucked the overall market trend to move higher: Yahua Group locked in a one-word daily limit, while Tianhua New Energy, Rongjie Co., Ltd., Shengxin Lithium Energy and Tianqi Lithium followed suit with price increases.
Beneath the market buoyancy lies not only the strong driving force from the continuously rising demand for power batteries and energy storage batteries, but also a piece of news from the other side of the Atlantic that broke out suddenly last weekend and drew widespread attention.
On local time July 2, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) of the United States Department of Defense issued a tender notice, planning to procure battery-grade lithium carbonate via a five-year fixed-price contract to replenish the U.S. National Defense Stockpile. This marks the first large-scale procurement by the United States to include lithium in its national defense reserves.
According to the announcement, the maximum procurement volume of battery-grade lithium carbonate is 16,167 metric tons, with a maximum contract value of 300 million US dollars. Approximately 3,657 metric tons are expected to be purchased in the first contract year, followed by a year-on-year reduction in volume, down to around 2,839 metric tons in the fifth contract year.
The bidding documents specify that the procured product must be powdered battery-grade lithium carbonate with a purity of no less than 99.5%, to be delivered to designated DLA warehouses in New York State, Nevada State, Indiana State or Ohio State. The notice states that this procurement forms part of the U.S. National Defense Stockpile Program, intended to boost the strategic reserves of critical minerals and strengthen the security guarantee of supply chains for national defense and key industries.
According to available information, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) of the U.S. Department of Defense oversees the global logistics and supply chain of the U.S. military and administers more than 4 million specific line items. The National Defense Stockpile (NDS), established in 1939, is designed to secure supplies of strategic materials during national emergencies.
The inventory size of the NDS follows a cyclical pattern. Its inventory value peaked at 9.6 billion U.S. dollars in 1989. After the end of the Cold War, the stockpile value fell to 1.2 billion U.S. dollars by 2021. In recent years, the reserve scale has been on the rise again, with the U.S. beginning to procure cobalt and lithium, strategic metals vital to the new energy sector.
Adjustments to the National Defense Stockpile are closely tied to the escalation of the U.S. federal government’s policies on critical minerals. Donald Trump’s first presidential term marked the awakening and launch phase of America’s critical minerals strategy, while his second term has shifted to concrete implementation and advancement of relevant initiatives.
Since Trump returned to the White House in January 2025, his administration has centered its agenda on the America First principle. By leveraging emergency executive authority, allocating policy funding, expediting project approvals, imposing import tariffs and strengthening international cooperation, the U.S. has sought to minimize reliance on foreign critical minerals at the fastest pace and rebuild U.S. dominance in strategic mineral resources.
In March 2025, Trump signed an executive order authorizing emergency measures to boost domestic mineral output in the United States. This executive order permits the disbursement of funding and loan support under the Defense Production Act to drastically ramp up production of critical minerals and rare earth elements and foster the growth of the domestic mining industry across the U.S.
That November, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published the 2025 List of Critical Minerals on its official website. The updated list expanded the total number of designated mineral commodities to 60. Minerals featured on the list qualify for federal financial backing from the U.S. government, and related exploration, mining and refining projects can also receive streamlined regulatory approval.
Regarding the market impact of the U.S. Department of Defense's lithium carbonate reserve procurement plan, SMM (Shanghai Metals Market) pointed out that in terms of volume, the maximum procurement volume over five years stands at approximately 16,200 metric tons of lithium carbonate, equivalent to an annual average of 3,200 metric tons LCE. When broken down on a monthly basis, the procurement quantity only amounts to roughly 200 to 300 metric tons. This volume is insignificant within global lithium salt consumption, and its market influence is far weaker than that caused by demand fluctuations from new energy vehicles and energy storage sectors.
SMM holds the view that this procurement initiative should not be interpreted as incremental demand that can directly reverse the supply-demand balance; the announcement carries greater policy implications rather than material market effects. More precisely, it constitutes a "low-frequency, long-term, strategic procurement" that exerts limited marginal boost to the spot market fundamentals.
"This development does not signify a sudden surge in lithium demand; instead, it serves as a signal that the U.S. strategic stockpiling of critical minerals is transitioning from verbal pledges to concrete procurement implementation," SMM noted. The analysis also stressed that the key follow-up focus lies not on the announced funding ceiling, but on whether formal awards will be issued, which bidders win the contracts, the final transaction prices, and whether deliveries will be completed on an annual basis.
Calculated based on the disclosed upper spending limit of 300 million U.S. dollars, the implied maximum procurement price is about 18,600 U.S. dollars per metric ton, or approximately 134,000 Chinese yuan per metric ton. While this figure does not represent the actual transaction price, it reflects the U.S. government’s heightened emphasis on supply security, supplier qualification verification and long-term delivery reliability.
Beyond the strategic stockpiling of critical minerals, the U.S. Department of Defense has shifted its stance from collaborative development to a more proactive strategic approach. Last September, the U.S. government approved acquiring an equity stake in Lithium Americas to back the Canadian firm’s development of the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada, which is expected to become a major domestic source of lithium supply for the United States.
As one of America’s largest lithium mines, the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine in Nevada has long been regarded as a core component of the U.S. domestic lithium supply chain development. Recent major news that the nation’s top lithium mine is poised to commence production marks a pivotal bet for the United States to rebuild its domestic metal supply chains.
According to a June 22 report by The Information, Phase 1 production at Thacker Pass, the lithium mine with the largest known reserves in the U.S., is scheduled to launch by the end of next year, with an annual output capacity ten times the country’s current lithium production volume upon launch.
The U.S. government holds a 5% equity stake in Lithium Americas and an independent 5% interest in the Thacker Pass mine, and has provided financial backing for the project via a $2.2 billion low-interest loan issued by the Department of Energy. Jon Evans, Chief Executive Officer of Lithium Americas, stated that the policy landscape has fundamentally reshaped the market dynamic: "The entire landscape has transformed completely from last summer to this summer, and we have been integrated into national energy security policies."
General Motors (GM) has pre-secured the entire 20-year output from Phase 1 of the mine, which can meet the battery demand for around 850,000 electric vehicles, or an equivalent volume of batteries for AI data centers, drones, robots and military equipment. Phase 2 of Thacker Pass plans to extract and process an additional 40,000 metric tons of lithium within the next decade. GM has secured a priority right to purchase 38% of Phase 2 output, alongside an option to acquire the remaining production volume.
Nevertheless, even if lithium ore mining output can be increased, the United States is still confronted with the tough challenge in the lithium refining stage, and it cannot break free from reliance on overseas refining in the short term. As a researcher from the Global Energy Center of the Atlantic Council put it: "Lithium ore itself is useless and has to be refined to produce lithium for batteries."
Lithium raw materials have to be processed and refined to manufacture chemicals applicable to battery cathode materials and electrolyte solutions. In fact, achieving self-sufficiency in the lithium battery industrial chain is far more complicated than anticipated.
Industry statistics indicate that the United States accounts for merely 1% of the global lithium salt processing capacity, with over 75% of its refining processes relying on China, leading to a severe mismatch between resources and processing capacity within its domestic supply chain. According to reports from S&P Global, lithium refining capacity in the region is extremely limited. Only two lithium refineries in North Carolina produce lithium hydroxide, with respective capacities of 15,000 tons and 5,000 tons.
Thacker Pass, the largest lithium mine in the United States, faces the same core concern triggering market anxiety: the lithium resources of this mine are embedded in clay layers, and this extraction technology has never been verified on a commercial scale. Even the CEO of Lithium Americas acknowledged that such uncertainties will keep weighing down the company's valuation until actual production is delivered.
As a core raw material for the new energy industry, lithium is a vital mineral required for electric vehicles and grid energy storage equipment, playing a pivotal role in the global green energy transition.
Owing to its high-efficiency energy storage capability, lithium has earned the moniker "white oil", emerging as a strategic resource fiercely contested by various countries and a focal point of market attention.
The lithium battery sector has posted a strong performance since the start of this week. On July 6, Weili Lithium Core surged to a daily trading limit right after the market opening, and Times Wanheng rallied to hit the upper limit in the afternoon trading session. On July 7, the lithium ore concept bucked the overall market trend to move higher: Yahua Group locked in a one-word daily limit, while Tianhua New Energy, Rongjie Co., Ltd., Shengxin Lithium Energy and Tianqi Lithium followed suit with price increases.
Beneath the market buoyancy lies not only the strong driving force from the continuously rising demand for power batteries and energy storage batteries, but also a piece of news from the other side of the Atlantic that broke out suddenly last weekend and drew widespread attention.
On local time July 2, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) of the United States Department of Defense issued a tender notice, planning to procure battery-grade lithium carbonate via a five-year fixed-price contract to replenish the U.S. National Defense Stockpile. This marks the first large-scale procurement by the United States to include lithium in its national defense reserves.
According to the announcement, the maximum procurement volume of battery-grade lithium carbonate is 16,167 metric tons, with a maximum contract value of 300 million US dollars. Approximately 3,657 metric tons are expected to be purchased in the first contract year, followed by a year-on-year reduction in volume, down to around 2,839 metric tons in the fifth contract year.
The bidding documents specify that the procured product must be powdered battery-grade lithium carbonate with a purity of no less than 99.5%, to be delivered to designated DLA warehouses in New York State, Nevada State, Indiana State or Ohio State. The notice states that this procurement forms part of the U.S. National Defense Stockpile Program, intended to boost the strategic reserves of critical minerals and strengthen the security guarantee of supply chains for national defense and key industries.
According to available information, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) of the U.S. Department of Defense oversees the global logistics and supply chain of the U.S. military and administers more than 4 million specific line items. The National Defense Stockpile (NDS), established in 1939, is designed to secure supplies of strategic materials during national emergencies.
The inventory size of the NDS follows a cyclical pattern. Its inventory value peaked at 9.6 billion U.S. dollars in 1989. After the end of the Cold War, the stockpile value fell to 1.2 billion U.S. dollars by 2021. In recent years, the reserve scale has been on the rise again, with the U.S. beginning to procure cobalt and lithium, strategic metals vital to the new energy sector.
Adjustments to the National Defense Stockpile are closely tied to the escalation of the U.S. federal government’s policies on critical minerals. Donald Trump’s first presidential term marked the awakening and launch phase of America’s critical minerals strategy, while his second term has shifted to concrete implementation and advancement of relevant initiatives.
Since Trump returned to the White House in January 2025, his administration has centered its agenda on the America First principle. By leveraging emergency executive authority, allocating policy funding, expediting project approvals, imposing import tariffs and strengthening international cooperation, the U.S. has sought to minimize reliance on foreign critical minerals at the fastest pace and rebuild U.S. dominance in strategic mineral resources.
In March 2025, Trump signed an executive order authorizing emergency measures to boost domestic mineral output in the United States. This executive order permits the disbursement of funding and loan support under the Defense Production Act to drastically ramp up production of critical minerals and rare earth elements and foster the growth of the domestic mining industry across the U.S.
That November, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published the 2025 List of Critical Minerals on its official website. The updated list expanded the total number of designated mineral commodities to 60. Minerals featured on the list qualify for federal financial backing from the U.S. government, and related exploration, mining and refining projects can also receive streamlined regulatory approval.
Regarding the market impact of the U.S. Department of Defense's lithium carbonate reserve procurement plan, SMM (Shanghai Metals Market) pointed out that in terms of volume, the maximum procurement volume over five years stands at approximately 16,200 metric tons of lithium carbonate, equivalent to an annual average of 3,200 metric tons LCE. When broken down on a monthly basis, the procurement quantity only amounts to roughly 200 to 300 metric tons. This volume is insignificant within global lithium salt consumption, and its market influence is far weaker than that caused by demand fluctuations from new energy vehicles and energy storage sectors.
SMM holds the view that this procurement initiative should not be interpreted as incremental demand that can directly reverse the supply-demand balance; the announcement carries greater policy implications rather than material market effects. More precisely, it constitutes a "low-frequency, long-term, strategic procurement" that exerts limited marginal boost to the spot market fundamentals.
"This development does not signify a sudden surge in lithium demand; instead, it serves as a signal that the U.S. strategic stockpiling of critical minerals is transitioning from verbal pledges to concrete procurement implementation," SMM noted. The analysis also stressed that the key follow-up focus lies not on the announced funding ceiling, but on whether formal awards will be issued, which bidders win the contracts, the final transaction prices, and whether deliveries will be completed on an annual basis.
Calculated based on the disclosed upper spending limit of 300 million U.S. dollars, the implied maximum procurement price is about 18,600 U.S. dollars per metric ton, or approximately 134,000 Chinese yuan per metric ton. While this figure does not represent the actual transaction price, it reflects the U.S. government’s heightened emphasis on supply security, supplier qualification verification and long-term delivery reliability.
Beyond the strategic stockpiling of critical minerals, the U.S. Department of Defense has shifted its stance from collaborative development to a more proactive strategic approach. Last September, the U.S. government approved acquiring an equity stake in Lithium Americas to back the Canadian firm’s development of the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada, which is expected to become a major domestic source of lithium supply for the United States.
As one of America’s largest lithium mines, the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine in Nevada has long been regarded as a core component of the U.S. domestic lithium supply chain development. Recent major news that the nation’s top lithium mine is poised to commence production marks a pivotal bet for the United States to rebuild its domestic metal supply chains.
According to a June 22 report by The Information, Phase 1 production at Thacker Pass, the lithium mine with the largest known reserves in the U.S., is scheduled to launch by the end of next year, with an annual output capacity ten times the country’s current lithium production volume upon launch.
The U.S. government holds a 5% equity stake in Lithium Americas and an independent 5% interest in the Thacker Pass mine, and has provided financial backing for the project via a $2.2 billion low-interest loan issued by the Department of Energy. Jon Evans, Chief Executive Officer of Lithium Americas, stated that the policy landscape has fundamentally reshaped the market dynamic: "The entire landscape has transformed completely from last summer to this summer, and we have been integrated into national energy security policies."
General Motors (GM) has pre-secured the entire 20-year output from Phase 1 of the mine, which can meet the battery demand for around 850,000 electric vehicles, or an equivalent volume of batteries for AI data centers, drones, robots and military equipment. Phase 2 of Thacker Pass plans to extract and process an additional 40,000 metric tons of lithium within the next decade. GM has secured a priority right to purchase 38% of Phase 2 output, alongside an option to acquire the remaining production volume.
Nevertheless, even if lithium ore mining output can be increased, the United States is still confronted with the tough challenge in the lithium refining stage, and it cannot break free from reliance on overseas refining in the short term. As a researcher from the Global Energy Center of the Atlantic Council put it: "Lithium ore itself is useless and has to be refined to produce lithium for batteries."
Lithium raw materials have to be processed and refined to manufacture chemicals applicable to battery cathode materials and electrolyte solutions. In fact, achieving self-sufficiency in the lithium battery industrial chain is far more complicated than anticipated.
Industry statistics indicate that the United States accounts for merely 1% of the global lithium salt processing capacity, with over 75% of its refining processes relying on China, leading to a severe mismatch between resources and processing capacity within its domestic supply chain. According to reports from S&P Global, lithium refining capacity in the region is extremely limited. Only two lithium refineries in North Carolina produce lithium hydroxide, with respective capacities of 15,000 tons and 5,000 tons.
Thacker Pass, the largest lithium mine in the United States, faces the same core concern triggering market anxiety: the lithium resources of this mine are embedded in clay layers, and this extraction technology has never been verified on a commercial scale. Even the CEO of Lithium Americas acknowledged that such uncertainties will keep weighing down the company's valuation until actual production is delivered.
